Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are specialized low-level polymeric sugars incorporated into milk powder, food, and other formulas to emulate the nutritional components and bioactive molecules present in breast milk. This addition comprehensively supports intestinal health and immunity, impacting overall well-being. Interacting with microorganisms, HMOs generate beneficial metabolites, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and reduce inflammation. Additionally, they regulate the balance of intestinal flora, fostering the growth of probiotics and maintaining intestinal health. Furthermore, HMOs may play a role in promoting infant brain development. The inclusion of HMOs adds valuable functional ingredients to food products, offering comprehensive health support for both infants and adults.
Key Information:
Molecular Formula: C26H45NO21
Molecular Weight: 707.62
Recommended Usage: 0.5-8.5g/Kg
Composition of Human Milk Oligosaccharides:
HMOs in human milk consist of five monomers—D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, L-fucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)—combined in varying proportions.
Classification of HMOs:
HMOs can be categorized into neutral human milk oligosaccharides (Neutral HMOs) and acidic human milk oligosaccharides (Acidic HMOs). Neutral HMOs contain a fucose group, while Acidic HMOs incorporate a structure of sialic acid and its sulfate. Over 200 types of oligosaccharides have been identified in human milk.
Application and Role in Infant Food:
Two HMO types approved for use in infant formula are 2-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose. Their roles in infant nutrition include:
Anti-Inflammatory and Infection Prevention:
By preventing pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells, HMOs exert anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious effects, acting as guardians of the infant's intestines.
Intestinal Maturity and Barrier Function:
HMOs promote the maturity of intestinal mucosa and enhance the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells, acting as regulators of intestinal epithelial cells and microbial flora.
Immunomodulation:
Functioning as prebiotics, HMOs directly and indirectly regulate immune cells, serving as immunomodulators.
Mineral Absorption:
HMOs reduce the pH value of the colon, promoting the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and iron.
Nutrition for Growth and Development:
HMOs provide essential nutrition required for infant growth and development, contributing to their regular dietary needs.
